https://card-file.onaft.edu.ua/handle/123456789/6246 grain-feed.onaft.edu.ua Sun, 20 Mar 2022 04:25:53 GMT 2022-03-20T04:25:53Z https://card-file.onaft.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16623 Title: INVESTIGATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GRAIN RECEIVING FROM RAILWAY TO THE GRAIN TRANSSHIPMENT TERMINAL Authors: G. Stankevych, L. Dmytrenko, A. Kats, V. Shpak Abstract: In the future, in Ukraine it is planned to increase the sown area for cereals, legumes and oilseeds, to increase the gross grain harvest to 80 million tons, and its export abroad was increased twice. Intensive construction in the southern ports of Ukraine of grain transshipment terminals with large metal silos will solve the problem of increasing grain export in the future. At these powerful terminals, the bulk of the grain comes mainly by rail, and is shipped to water. The aim of the work was to study the characteristics of the grain receiving from railway transport to the grain transshipment terminal of LLC “Ukrelevatorprom” in order to improve its works efficiency. The object of the study was the development of technology of grain receiving at the grain transshipment terminal; the subject of research is cereals, legume sand oil crops, as well as data from daily volumes of receiving and dispensing operations at the grain transshipment terminal of LLC “Ukrelevatorprom” for 2015-2016. The studies were carried out on the basis of processing data from the consignment notes for 2015-2016, according to which there was a summed amount of grain (net) daily transported by the railway. Further processing of the obtained data was carried out by a combined graphoanalytical method, for which, on the basis of tabular values for each studied year, the corresponding histograms and graphs were built and the necessary indicators were determined. Analysis of the structure of grain crops supplied by railway to LLC “Ukrelevatorprom” in 2015 and 2016 and their ratio showed that the main share was occupied by cereal crops (78.0 % and 73.1 % respectively), which were mainly represented by corn, share which was significantly dominated by other crops (wheat of various classes and barley) and amounted to 45.8 % and 44.5 %, respectively, which can be explained by its high demand in the international grain market, in which Ukraine occupies a leading position. Oilseeds (rapeseed) were taken in accordance with 19.1 % and 14.9 %, and legumes (soybeans) — 2.9 % and 12.0 %. An analysis of the timing of the unloading of grain wagons (hopper cars) showed that the total duration of this process, depending on the crops, averages 37...59 minutes. The longest steps for unloading wagons are to determine the grain quality indicators, especially rapeseed, and to spill grain from the wagons, therefore, to reduce their duration, it is necessary to form feeds of wagons with grain batches of the same quality and use more modern express analyzers to determine grain quality indicators, which will increase the productivity of the grain receiving line from the railway. According to the research results, the enterprise has the potential to increase by about 30 % the volume of grain intake. It was established that the periods of the grain receipt at the enterprise in 2015-2016 amounted to 349 and 353 days, respectively, the actual coefficients of the daily irregularity Kdaily for the grain receipt from the railway in these years are equal to 1.47 and 1.52, and the monthly irregularity Kmonth, respectively 1.33 and 1.21, does not exceed the standard values Kdaily = 2.5 and Kmonth= 2.0. This made it possible to clarify the database from the actual characteristics of the process of grain receiving by railway and can be used in design and verification calculations of equipment in technological lines for receiving grain from railway transport, and will contribute to increasing the efficiency of grain transshipment terminals.  Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://card-file.onaft.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16623 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://card-file.onaft.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16618 Title: PECULIARITIES OF NAKED OAT GRAIN AS A CEREAL CULTURE Authors: S. Sots, Y. Chumachenko, I. Kustov, Y. Kuzmenko Abstract: Archaeological excavations show that oats were known as early as the Bronze Age, from about 1500-1700 BC. According to various historical data, the homeland of the oat culture forms is Southern Europe, Northeast China and Mongolia. The first archeological findings of oat grain were discovered in Germany and date back to the I-VI c. In Kievan Rus oats began to grow from about the VI. For many centuries, oats have been an important feed and foof grain,and with the beginning of the twentieth century there is an increase in its use in agriculture and processing. Widespread products of oat processing in different countries of the world are groats, cereals, flour and food bran, in addition to traditional products produce instant cereals, muesli, various intended semi-finished products. Oats are also widely used in other industries: it is additionally used in the production of beer, oat milk, ice cream, bread, cookies, baby food, etc. In Ukraine, oats are grown mainly as ancillary technical culture. The area of crops is from 5000 to 6000 km2. The main production is concentrated in Polissia and Forest-Steppe, mainly spring oats are grown, to a lesser extent semi-winter and winter forms. According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the gross grain harvest in the last 5-7 years has increased and is at the level of 458 ... 616 thousand tons of grain per year. Over the past 20 years, oat production in Ukraine has been declining, due to the fact that most of it is grown for cereals, with a relatively small crop yield and high cultivation costs, even with the use of state-of-the-art agrotechnology. About 60,000 tonnes of oats are used annually to meet the needs of the domestic groats industry. Breeders have received new grains that have increased nutritional and technological value. Considering new varieties of oats, it is possible to distinguish naked forms of Avena nuda (naked oats). In the world, naked oats is a valuable crop that has a consistently high nutritional value that allows it to be used in various industries. This type of oat is derived by the method of individual selection from a cross-hybrid population. The variety of this oat is inermis, morphologically different from the hull varieties by the structure of the spikelets, which determines the peculiarities of its quantitative and qualitative indicators The peculiarity of naked oats is the absence of flower hulls firmly bound to the grain surface (20 ... 40% in oat hulled forms), which significantly improves its properties. The hulls in the naked varieties are soft, do not cover the grain very tightly and are almost completely separated in the process of grain harvesting and threshing. Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://card-file.onaft.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16618 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://card-file.onaft.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16619 Title: CHANGE OF STRESS CRACK IN CORN KERNEL DURING ITS PREPARATION FOR PROCESSING Authors: R. Rybchynskyi Abstract: The article presents the results of the study of the influence of stress crack in corn kernel on the change of its mechanical properties, namely, on the strength of kernel and its ability to grind during the technological process of preparation for processing. The research was conducted at the Dnipro Food Concentrates Plant. It is established that percentage of damage, i.e. grain impurities and foreign material (impurities), when receiving grain at the production elevator is within the norms of State standards of Ukraine (DSTU 4525:2006) – up to 7 % and not more than 1.0 %, respectively. But in the process of grain transportation this index is increasing. The maximum level of grain impurities (9.1 %) in corn grain can be observed before its preliminary cleaning on the separator BSH-100, then this indicator decreases significantly to 1.8 % in the cleaned grain, but then increases again in the technological process. Moreover, before sending grain into the degerminator the level totals 4.8 % - almost as much as when receiving grain from vehicles. One can say the same regarding the level of foreign material. Its minimum amount in the grain after pre-cleaning (0.5 %), and the maximum – at the end of the cleaning stage (7.4 %), which is much more than when receiving grain. The increase in the amount of broken grain (including that relating to impurities) in the technological process is accompanied by higher number of stress cracks in the corn kernel. During receiving, the studied grain has already had a high stress crack – 68 %. At the same time, there was more corn kernel with one crack (41 %). After transportation by a belt conveyor and the main high-performance bucket elevator, although the total stress crack increased not significantly – up to 75 %, but there were changes in the number of cracks: the number of kernels with one crack decreased to 22 %, but the number of kernels with many (three or more) cracks increased from 8 to 33 %, respectively. During further transportation and processing of corn kernel, the stress crack increased to a maximum value of 78 % (before separation on SAD-10-01), and then decreased to 72 % in the grain entering the degerminator. It is established that the decrease in corn kernel strength is influenced by both the total stress crack and its nature, i.e. the number of stress cracks in each kernel. The maximum required force for the corn kernel damage was observed exactly for grain entering the intake pit – 3.6 kg / 50 kernels. Here you can find more corn kernels stressed by only one crack (single) – 41 % or without cracks – 32 %. And the minimum effort – 3,0 kg / 50 kernels - for cleaned grain after conveyor and elevator No. 1, where the share of kernels with multiple stress crack (3 or more cracks) totaled 43 % (only 22 % of kernels were without cracks). A high inverse correlation of -0.84 was established between the number of stressed kernels with three or more cracks and the effort to break corn kernel. Based on research, it is recommended to use the index of stress crack in corn kernel to assess its quality when accepted for further processing, as this indicator is directly related to the yield of finished products. Key Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://card-file.onaft.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16619 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://card-file.onaft.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16620 Title: DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF AVITAMINOSIS F Authors: A. Levitsky, A. Lapinska, I. Selivanskaya Abstract: The article analyzes the role of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially omega-3 series in humans and animals. The biosynthesis of essential PUFA in humans and animals is very limited, so they must be consumed with food (feed). Тhe ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA is very important. Biomembranes of animal cells contain about 30% PUFA with a ratio of ω-6/ ω-3 1-2. As this ratio increases, the physicochemical properties of biomembranes and the functional activity of their receptors change. The regulatory function of essential PUFA is that in the body under the action of oxygenase enzymes (cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase) are formed extremely active hormone-like substances (eicosanoids and docosanoids), which affect a number of physiological processes: inflammation, immunity, metabolism. Moreover, ω-6 PUFA form eicosanoids, which have pro-inflammatory, immunosuppressive properties, and ω-3 PUFAs form eicosanoids and docosanoids, which have anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory properties. Deficiency of essential PUFA, and especially ω-3 PUFA, leads to impaired development of the body and its state of health, which are manifestations of avitaminosis F. Prevention and treatment of avitaminosis F is carried out with drugs that contain PUFA. To create new, more effective vitamin F preparations, it is necessary to reproduce the model of vitamin F deficiency. An experimental model of vitamin F deficiency in white rats kept on a fat –free diet with the addition of coconut oil, which is almost completely free of unsaturated fatty acids, and saturated fatty acids make up almost 99 % of all fatty acids was developed. The total content of ω-6 PUFA (sum of linoleic and arachidonic acids), the content of ω-3 PUFA (α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) in neutral lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol esters) defined. Тhe content of ω-6 PUFA under the influence of coconut oil decreased by 3.3 times, and the content of ω-3 PUFA - by 7.5 times. Тhe influence of coconut oil, the content of ω-6 PUFA decreased by 2.1 times, and the content of ω-3 PUFA - by 2.8 times. The most strongly reduces the content of ω-3 PUFA, namely eicosapentaenoic, coconut oil, starting from 5 %. Consumption of FFD with a content of 15 % coconut oil reduces the content of eicosapentaenoic acid to zero, ie we have an absolute deficiency of one of the most important essential PUFAs, which determined the presence of vitamin F deficiency. Wed, 01 Jan 2020 00:00:00 GMT https://card-file.onaft.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16620 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z