Удосконалення технології зберігання зерна кукурудзи в полімерних зернових рукавах
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Дата
2021-05-12
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ОНАХТ
Анотація
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата текнічних наук (доктора філософії) за спеціальністю 05.18.02 «Технологія зернових, бобових, круп'яних продуктів і комбікормів, олійних і луб'яних культур». Дисертація присвячена удосконаленню технології зберігання зерна кукурудзи в полімерних зернових рукавах, яка буде гарантувати належну його якість та безпечне зберігання. В роботі досліджено та визначено вплив анаеробних умов зберігання на фізіологічні, фізико-технологічні та біохімічні властивості зерна кукурудзи, хімічний склад зерна, загальний мікробіологічний стан та обсіменіння плісеневими грибами і дріжджами. Встановлено закономірності їх зміни залежно від вологості зерна кукурудзи та температурних умов зберігання. Науково-обґрунтовано терміни та удосконалену технологію безпечного зберігання зерна кукурудзи продовольчого призначення в ПЗР залвжно ії вологості та температури довкілля, що дозволяе після анаеробного зберігання довести показники якості зерна продовольчої кукурудзи до нормативних та контрактних вимог. Розроблено рекомендації з впровадження удосконаленої технології анаеробного зберігання зерна кукурудзи в ПЗР та визначено економічну ефективність від впровадження результатів роботи на зернозаготіваельних підприемствах.
Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Engineering (Doctor of Philosophy), specialty 05.18.02 "Technology of cereals, legumes, cereals and compound feeds, oilseeds and bast crops". The aim of the study was the scientific substantiation and practical implementation of the technology for storage of wet and raw corn grain in silo bags, which guarantees its proper quality and safe storage. The object of the study was the technology of grain storage under anaerobic conditions of silo bags. The subject of the research was the physical and technological properties of the grain mass of corn, its chemical and biochemical composition, physiological processes of respiration, microbiological state, storage processes. At the first stages of research, the analysis of the grain of 10 different hybrids of dent-type corn DK 315, DK 391, DK 440, DKC 3511, DKC 3705, DKC 3795, DKC 4082, DKC 4490, DKC 4590, DKC 4795 crop in 2013 was carried out. As a result three most promising hybrids were found (DKC 3511, DKC 3705 and DKC 4590), which, in terms of their agrotechnical properties, are most suitable for growing on agricultural holdings, and the grain yield obtained from them has the best performance due to its technological properties. Further, the regularities of the physiological processes of respiration of corn grain were studied during storage in hermetically sealed conditions. For the experiments, two grain samples were selected with a moisture content of 14 and 21% for storage at temperatures of 4, 11 and 18 °C (6 grain samples). It was determined that a decrease in the temperature of storing corn grain with different initial moisture content in hermetically sealed conditions helps to reduce the intensity of the course of natural physiological processes in it and, accordingly, the natural dry matter loss. Further, the chemical composition of corn grain was studied before and after 3 months of storage at various temperatures. The moisture content of grain, mass fraction of protein, carbohydrates, and their fractional composition (starch, mono- and disaccharides, fiber), fat and ash were determined. Studies have shown that there were practically no changes in the content of these components, determined for dry matter. Only small differences were observed within the experimental error. The moisture content of corn grain samples increased by 0.07...2.23% in all grain samples, which was caused by the absorption of moisture vapor that is released during grain respiration. Since dry matter of grain is consumed for the respiration process, at the end of storage a decrease in the amount of mono- and disaccharides was noted by 1.15...6.53%, as well as starch by 1.1...4.99%. The effect of anaerobic storage conditions of corn grain on changes in the Falling Number (FN) was investigated, which indirectly characterizes the activity of the a-amylase enzyme. The FN was determined by the Hagberg-Perten method, which is a standardized method (ICC 107/1, ISO 3093-2004, AACC 56-81B). Selected freshly harvested corn grain samples with an initial moisture content of 14%, 21% and 28% were stored under anaerobic conditions at temperatures of 18 ° C, 11 ° C and 4 °C. The corn grain was stored for 12 weeks and the FN was determined weekly. Studies have shown that in corn with an initial moisture content of 14%, regardless of temperature conditions, there is a steady tendency for a gradual decrease in the FN for 3 months. In samples with moisture content above 14%, at the beginning of storage, an increase in the FN is observed, the intensity of which depends on the initial moisture content of the grain and the temperature conditions. This period of the FN growth in the grain moisture ranges of 14...28% and storage temperatures of 4...18 °C lies within 2...4 weeks. After the completion of the post-harvest ripening processes, its further storage leads to a decrease in the FN. Along with the determination of the FN, the total acidity and the kinetics of its change were determined. When storing grain with an initial moisture content of 14% at a temperature of 18 °C, a tendency for a gradual increase in total acidity from 1.83 to 2.29 degrees of Neumann was observed. In corn grain with an initial moisture content of 28%, during the first month of storage, there is a sharp decrease in grain acidity from 6.97 degrees to 3.15 degrees, that is by 54.8%, of which during each week the decrease was by 24.1%, 15.7%, 18.8% and 13.0%. Further, during the next 2 and 3 rd months of storage, there is a change in the direction of the previous trend upward. Starting from the fourth week, every subsequent two weeks of storage, the total acidity increases by 5.7%, 3.9%, 4.3% 5.0%, respectively, reaching 3.79 de-grees at the end of the third month. A similar tendency of kinetic changes in acidity is inherent in grain with a moisture content of 21%. Before placement for storage, the QMAFANM indicators (thous. CFU / g) of samples of corn grain with a moisture content of 14%, 21% and 28% were determined, which amounted to 51...59, 550...570 and 560...670, respectively. The contamination of the samples with molds and yeasts (CFU/g) was at the level of 90...180, 470...590 and 660...700, respectively. The results showed that during the 3-month storage of grain samples under anaerobic conditions, their total surface contamination gradually decreased and at the end of the 3-month storage period at a temperature of 11 °C was for grain with a moisture content of 21% and 28%, respectively (thous. CFU/g) 270 and 340. At 18 °C, the same trend is observed. At this temperature, the total surface contamination of grain samples at the end of storage was 180 and 210 (thousand CFU/g), respectively, for grain with a moisture content of 21% and 28%. So, the use of anaerobic storage conditions provides a decrease in the quantitative indicator of the total surface microflora and mold and yeast on the surface of the grain. After the analysis of the research carried out, the critical stages were identified at which undesirable changes in the quality indicators of grain begin. Using the interpolation method, a table of safe storage periods has been developed. Improvements in technology have been developed to optimize the processes of loading, extraction, accounting, deratization and work during storage. The improved technology was implemented at two elevators in the Khmelnytsky region, which made it possible to use only their own capacities of enterprises without involving third-party elevators.
Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Engineering (Doctor of Philosophy), specialty 05.18.02 "Technology of cereals, legumes, cereals and compound feeds, oilseeds and bast crops". The aim of the study was the scientific substantiation and practical implementation of the technology for storage of wet and raw corn grain in silo bags, which guarantees its proper quality and safe storage. The object of the study was the technology of grain storage under anaerobic conditions of silo bags. The subject of the research was the physical and technological properties of the grain mass of corn, its chemical and biochemical composition, physiological processes of respiration, microbiological state, storage processes. At the first stages of research, the analysis of the grain of 10 different hybrids of dent-type corn DK 315, DK 391, DK 440, DKC 3511, DKC 3705, DKC 3795, DKC 4082, DKC 4490, DKC 4590, DKC 4795 crop in 2013 was carried out. As a result three most promising hybrids were found (DKC 3511, DKC 3705 and DKC 4590), which, in terms of their agrotechnical properties, are most suitable for growing on agricultural holdings, and the grain yield obtained from them has the best performance due to its technological properties. Further, the regularities of the physiological processes of respiration of corn grain were studied during storage in hermetically sealed conditions. For the experiments, two grain samples were selected with a moisture content of 14 and 21% for storage at temperatures of 4, 11 and 18 °C (6 grain samples). It was determined that a decrease in the temperature of storing corn grain with different initial moisture content in hermetically sealed conditions helps to reduce the intensity of the course of natural physiological processes in it and, accordingly, the natural dry matter loss. Further, the chemical composition of corn grain was studied before and after 3 months of storage at various temperatures. The moisture content of grain, mass fraction of protein, carbohydrates, and their fractional composition (starch, mono- and disaccharides, fiber), fat and ash were determined. Studies have shown that there were practically no changes in the content of these components, determined for dry matter. Only small differences were observed within the experimental error. The moisture content of corn grain samples increased by 0.07...2.23% in all grain samples, which was caused by the absorption of moisture vapor that is released during grain respiration. Since dry matter of grain is consumed for the respiration process, at the end of storage a decrease in the amount of mono- and disaccharides was noted by 1.15...6.53%, as well as starch by 1.1...4.99%. The effect of anaerobic storage conditions of corn grain on changes in the Falling Number (FN) was investigated, which indirectly characterizes the activity of the a-amylase enzyme. The FN was determined by the Hagberg-Perten method, which is a standardized method (ICC 107/1, ISO 3093-2004, AACC 56-81B). Selected freshly harvested corn grain samples with an initial moisture content of 14%, 21% and 28% were stored under anaerobic conditions at temperatures of 18 ° C, 11 ° C and 4 °C. The corn grain was stored for 12 weeks and the FN was determined weekly. Studies have shown that in corn with an initial moisture content of 14%, regardless of temperature conditions, there is a steady tendency for a gradual decrease in the FN for 3 months. In samples with moisture content above 14%, at the beginning of storage, an increase in the FN is observed, the intensity of which depends on the initial moisture content of the grain and the temperature conditions. This period of the FN growth in the grain moisture ranges of 14...28% and storage temperatures of 4...18 °C lies within 2...4 weeks. After the completion of the post-harvest ripening processes, its further storage leads to a decrease in the FN. Along with the determination of the FN, the total acidity and the kinetics of its change were determined. When storing grain with an initial moisture content of 14% at a temperature of 18 °C, a tendency for a gradual increase in total acidity from 1.83 to 2.29 degrees of Neumann was observed. In corn grain with an initial moisture content of 28%, during the first month of storage, there is a sharp decrease in grain acidity from 6.97 degrees to 3.15 degrees, that is by 54.8%, of which during each week the decrease was by 24.1%, 15.7%, 18.8% and 13.0%. Further, during the next 2 and 3 rd months of storage, there is a change in the direction of the previous trend upward. Starting from the fourth week, every subsequent two weeks of storage, the total acidity increases by 5.7%, 3.9%, 4.3% 5.0%, respectively, reaching 3.79 de-grees at the end of the third month. A similar tendency of kinetic changes in acidity is inherent in grain with a moisture content of 21%. Before placement for storage, the QMAFANM indicators (thous. CFU / g) of samples of corn grain with a moisture content of 14%, 21% and 28% were determined, which amounted to 51...59, 550...570 and 560...670, respectively. The contamination of the samples with molds and yeasts (CFU/g) was at the level of 90...180, 470...590 and 660...700, respectively. The results showed that during the 3-month storage of grain samples under anaerobic conditions, their total surface contamination gradually decreased and at the end of the 3-month storage period at a temperature of 11 °C was for grain with a moisture content of 21% and 28%, respectively (thous. CFU/g) 270 and 340. At 18 °C, the same trend is observed. At this temperature, the total surface contamination of grain samples at the end of storage was 180 and 210 (thousand CFU/g), respectively, for grain with a moisture content of 21% and 28%. So, the use of anaerobic storage conditions provides a decrease in the quantitative indicator of the total surface microflora and mold and yeast on the surface of the grain. After the analysis of the research carried out, the critical stages were identified at which undesirable changes in the quality indicators of grain begin. Using the interpolation method, a table of safe storage periods has been developed. Improvements in technology have been developed to optimize the processes of loading, extraction, accounting, deratization and work during storage. The improved technology was implemented at two elevators in the Khmelnytsky region, which made it possible to use only their own capacities of enterprises without involving third-party elevators.
Опис
Желобкова, М. В. Удосконалення технології зберігання зерна кукурудзи в полімерних зернових рукавах = Improvement of the technology of corn storage in silo bags : автореф. дис. ... канд. техн. наук : спец. 05.18.02 "Технологія зернових, бобових, круп`яних продуктів і комбікормів, олійних і луб`яних культур" : захищена 12.05.21 / Желобкова Марина Валентинівна ; наук. кер. Г. М. Станкевич ; Одес. нац. акад. харч. технологій. — Одеса : ОНАХТ, 2021. — 24 с.
Ключові слова
зерно кукурудзи, полімерні зернові рукави, анаеробні умови зберігання, післязбиральне дозрівання, хімічний склад, фізіологічні та технологічні властивості, nоказники якості, corn grain, polymer grain sleeves, anaerobic storage conditions, postharvest ripening, chemical composition, physiological and technological properties, quality indicators